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Samuel Austin Worcester (19 January 1798 – 20 April 1859), was a missionary to the Cherokee, translator of the Bible, printer and defender of the Cherokee's sovereignty. He collaborated with Elias Boudinot in the American Southeast to establish the ''Cherokee Phoenix,'' the first Native American newspaper. The Cherokees gave him the honorary name A-tse-nu-sti, which means "messenger" in English.〔( Richard Mize, "Worcester, Samuel Austin (1778-1859)." ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''. Accessed March 29, 2013. )〕 Worcester was arrested and convicted for disobeying Georgia's law restricting white missionaries from living in Cherokee territory without a state license. On appeal, he was the plaintiff in ''Worcester v. Georgia'' (1832), a case that went to the United States Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall defined in his ''dicta'' that the federal government had an exclusive relationship with the Indian nations and recognized the latter's sovereignty, above state laws. Neither President Andrew Jackson nor the Governor of Georgia enforced it. After receiving a pardon from the governor, Worcester left Georgia on a promise to never return. He moved to Indian Territory in 1836 in the period of Cherokee removal on the Trail of Tears. His wife died there in 1839. Worcester resumed his ministry, continued translating the Bible into Cherokee, and established the first printing press in that part of the United States, working with the Cherokee to publish their newspaper. ==Early life and education== Worcester was born in Peacham, Vermont on January 19, 1798, to the Rev. Leonard Worcester, a minister. He was the seventh generation of pastors in his family, dating back to ancestors who lived in England. According to Charles Perry of the Peacham Historical Association, Leonard Worcester also worked as a printer in the town. The young Worcester attended common schools and studied printing with his father.〔(About North Georgia, "Samuel Austin Worcestor" )〕 In 1819, he graduated with honors from the University of Vermont.〔 Samuel Worcester became a Congregational minister and decided to become a missionary. After graduating from Andover Theological Seminary in 1823, he expected to be sent to India, Palestine or the Sandwich Islands. Instead, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) sent him to the American Southeast to convert American Indians.〔Langguth, p. 74〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Samuel Worcester」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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